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What is an Ecosystem? Types of Ecosystems | What is sustainable development ? Ecosystem

In this article, we will discuss what is an ecosystem, the types of ecosystem, what is sustainable development, and the important components of a sustainable ecosystem. Let's start


ECOSYSTEMS 

Ecosystems of the world are studied on the basis of their principal habitats. Among the environmental segments, the lithosphere and hydrosphere are the major habitats for a wide variety of flora and fauna. An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.


Types of Ecosystem:


 Land-based

 Ecosystem Land (terrestrial) ecosystems depend largely on the climate and soil. Higher plants and animals have evolved on land. For example, seed plants, insects, warm-blooded vertebrates, and micro-organisms dominate on land now. The major terrestrial communities consist of herbaceous plants, shrubs, grass, and also woody trees besides numerous insects, arthropods, birds, etc. 


Marine Ecosystem

 Oceans occupy 70 percent of the earth’s surface, offering habitat to numerous plants (mainly algae), animals like zooplankton, shrimps, oysters, fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals. They serve as the sink of a large quantity of runoff and wastes from land.

Marine water has a high salt content (about 3.5% by weight) and poor fertility due to a lack of nitrates and phosphates as compared to freshwater. Marine life is abundant near the shore and on the continental shelf. The species include commercial fishes, large sea mammals like whales and seals. 


Freshwater Ecosystem

Freshwater bodies (ponds, lakes, rivers, springs) are rich in nutrients (nitrates, phosphates) and provide good habitat for phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic plants, and fishes.


Wetland Ecosystems

 Wetlands are transitional lands between terrestrial and eco-systems where water stands at 2.5 to 300 cm during most of the year. They include valuable natural ecosystems harboring a wide variety of plants, animals, fishes, and microorganisms. They are at present in danger due to increasing urbanization as in the case of the eastern part of Kolkata.


 Mangroves (Forest between Land and Sea) 

Mangroves are important forest communities in tidal zones or equatorial and tropical coasts. For example, the Sunderbans in the Gangetic estuarine delta touching the Bay of Bengal offer important mangroves, habitat of wild animals including Royal Bengal Tiger and of interesting plant species.


 SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEM

The developing countries face today's critical situation on economic and environmental fronts. For economic growth, they have to give priority to agricultural industrial bases but at the cost of the environment.


The important components of sustainable development/ ecosystem are:

  • Population stabilisation 
  • Integrated land-use planning 
  • Conservation of biodiversity 
  • Air and water pollution control
  • Renewable energy resources
  • Recycling of wastes and residues
  • Environmental education and awareness at all levels
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